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class=post-meta><span class=post-meta-item><span class=post-meta-item-icon><i class="far fa-calendar"></i> </span><span class=post-meta-item-text>发表于</span> <time itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" title="创建时间:2026-05-10 23:27:52" datetime=2026-05-10T23:27:52+08:00>2026-05-10</time> </span><span class=post-meta-item><span class=post-meta-item-icon><i class="far fa-folder"></i> </span><span class=post-meta-item-text>分类于</span> <span itemprop=about itemscope itemtype=http://schema.org/Thing><a href=/categories/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%9E%B6%E6%9E%84%E5%B8%88/ itemprop=url rel=index><span itemprop=name>系统架构师</span></a> </span></span><span class="post-meta-item cloudflare-page-counter" data-increment=true data-path=/2026/05/10/%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86%E7%82%B9/ data-title=一些设计模式的记忆点 title=阅读次数><span class=post-meta-item-icon><i class="far fa-eye"></i> </span><span class=post-meta-item-text>阅读次数:</span> <span class=cloudflare-page-counter-count></span></span></div><div class=post-description>类或对象的组合关系复杂。对象之间职责划分、通信流程复杂。二、不同设计模式适合的场景。(一)创建型模式:解决“对象怎么创建”</div></div></header><div class=post-body itemprop=articleBody><p>一、先看总原则<ol><li>创建对象麻烦</ol><p>用创建型模式<ol start=2><li>类或对象的组合关系复杂</ol><p>用结构型模式<ol start=3><li>对象之间职责划分、通信流程复杂</ol><p>用行为型模式<hr><p>二、不同设计模式适合的场景<hr><p>(一)创建型模式:解决“对象怎么创建”<ol><li>单例模式(Singleton)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>系统中某个类只能有一个实例<li>如配置管理器、线程池、缓存管理器、日志对象</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>唯一实例<li>全局访问点</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>“一个类只有一个对象”基本就是单例</ul><hr><ol start=2><li>工厂方法模式(Factory Method)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>需要创建对象,但不想直接 new<li>不同条件下创建不同具体产品<li>如不同数据库连接、不同导出器、不同支付方式对象</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>延迟实例化<li>子类决定创建哪种对象</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>关注“创建一个等级结构中的某一个产品”</ul><hr><ol start=3><li>抽象工厂模式(Abstract Factory)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>要创建一整组相关或相互依赖的对象<li>如不同风格 UI 组件:Windows 风格按钮、文本框;Mac 风格按钮、文本框<li>不同数据库族:连接、命令、结果集统一切换</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>产品族<li>成套创建</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>工厂方法是“一个产品”<li>抽象工厂是“一族产品”</ul><hr><ol start=4><li>建造者模式(Builder)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>对象构造过程复杂,步骤多,但步骤顺序稳定<li>如组装电脑、构建 SQL、创建复杂报表、创建复杂请求对象</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>分步构建<li>构建过程与表示分离</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>“复杂对象一步步组装”就是建造者</ul><hr><ol start=5><li>原型模式(Prototype)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>创建对象成本高,复制比重新创建更高效<li>如图形对象复制、配置模板复制、带大量初始化数据的对象</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>克隆<li>复制现有对象</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>区分浅拷贝、深拷贝是常见延伸点</ul><hr><p>(二)结构型模式:解决“类和对象怎么组织”<ol start=6><li>适配器模式(Adapter)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>已有类能用,但接口不兼容<li>老系统对接新系统<li>第三方接口封装</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>接口转换<li>兼容旧接口</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>核心是“让本来不能一起工作的类可以一起工作”</ul><hr><ol start=7><li>桥接模式(Bridge)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>存在两个独立变化维度,希望分别扩展<li>如消息类型(普通/紧急)和发送方式(短信/邮件)都在变化<li>图形形状和绘制平台都要扩展</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>抽象与实现分离<li>多维度变化</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>如果题目说“两个维度都要扩展,避免类爆炸”,多半是桥接</ul><hr><ol start=8><li>组合模式(Composite)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>树形结构<li>如文件夹/文件、菜单/子菜单、组织架构</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>部分—整体<li>树形结构统一处理</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>叶子节点和容器节点统一对待</ul><hr><ol start=9><li>装饰器模式(Decorator)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>动态给对象增加功能,不想修改原类<li>如 I/O 流加缓冲、加加密、加日志<li>给组件附加权限校验、统计功能</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>动态增强<li>比继承更灵活</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>与代理模式容易混淆<li>装饰器强调“增强功能”</ul><hr><ol start=10><li>外观模式(Facade)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>子系统复杂,希望对外提供统一简单入口<li>如一键启动流程、统一服务入口、SDK 封装</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>简化调用<li>统一入口</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>核心是“隐藏子系统复杂性”</ul><hr><ol start=11><li>享元模式(Flyweight)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>系统中有大量细粒度对象,内存占用大<li>如字符对象、棋子对象、图标对象</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>共享对象<li>节省内存</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>区分内部状态与外部状态</ul><hr><ol start=12><li>代理模式(Proxy)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>需要控制对对象的访问<li>如远程代理、虚代理、权限代理、缓存代理</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>控制访问<li>间接访问真实对象</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>与装饰器区分:<ul><li>代理:控制访问<li>装饰器:增强功能</ul></ul><hr><p>(三)行为型模式:解决“对象之间怎么协作”<ol start=13><li>策略模式(Strategy)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>有多种算法或业务规则可互换<li>如支付策略、折扣策略、排序策略、路由策略</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>算法封装<li>可互换</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>“同一问题,多种算法可切换”就是策略</ul><hr><ol start=14><li>模板方法模式(Template Method)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>流程固定,但某些步骤实现不同<li>如报表生成流程、数据导入流程、考试流程</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>定义算法骨架<li>子类重写具体步骤</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>“整体流程不变,细节步骤可变”就是模板方法</ul><hr><ol start=15><li>观察者模式(Observer)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>一个对象状态变化,要通知多个对象<li>如事件监听、消息订阅、UI 联动、发布订阅</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>一对多通知<li>发布—订阅</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>题干出现“通知多个依赖对象”基本就是观察者</ul><hr><ol start=16><li>责任链模式(Chain of Responsibility)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>多个对象都可能处理同一个请求,谁处理运行时决定<li>如审批流程、过滤器链、异常处理链</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>请求沿链传递<li>解耦发送者和接收者</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>常见于工作流、过滤器、权限校验链</ul><hr><ol start=17><li>命令模式(Command)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>需要把请求封装成对象<li>支持撤销/重做、请求队列、日志记录<li>如菜单操作、遥控器、事务操作</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>请求对象化<li>支持撤销、排队</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>“请求发送者与执行者解耦”是命令模式核心</ul><hr><ol start=18><li>状态模式(State)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>对象在不同状态下行为不同<li>如订单状态、工作流状态、播放器状态、TCP 连接状态</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>状态变化引起行为变化<li>消除大量 if-else</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>与策略模式易混淆<li>策略:主动切换算法<li>状态:状态变化驱动行为变化</ul><hr><ol start=19><li>迭代器模式(Iterator)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>顺序访问聚合对象中的元素,而不暴露内部结构<li>如遍历集合、列表、树结构</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>统一遍历接口<li>隐藏内部结构</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>主要用于集合遍历</ul><hr><ol start=20><li>中介者模式(Mediator)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>多个对象之间交互复杂,网状依赖严重<li>如聊天系统、界面控件协作、航班调度</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>集中协调<li>降低对象间耦合</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>“对象间不直接通信,都通过中间者协调”</ul><hr><ol start=21><li>备忘录模式(Memento)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>需要保存对象历史状态,以便恢复<li>如撤销、回滚、存档点</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>状态快照<li>恢复历史状态</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>常和命令模式一起出现</ul><hr><ol start=22><li>访问者模式(Visitor)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>数据结构相对稳定,但对其进行的操作经常变化<li>如编译器语法树处理、报表统计、对象结构分析</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>操作与数据结构分离<li>易于新增操作</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>“结构稳定、操作多变”是判断关键</ul><hr><ol start=23><li>解释器模式(Interpreter)</ol><p>适合场景:<ul><li>需要定义语法规则并解释执行<li>如表达式计算、规则引擎、简单脚本解析</ul><p>关键词:<ul><li>语法解释<li>表达式求值</ul><p>记忆点:<ul><li>适合简单语言或规则系统,不适合特别复杂语法</ul><hr><p>三、软考最常考的几个区分<ol><li>工厂方法 vs 抽象工厂</ol><ul><li>工厂方法:创建一种产品<li>抽象工厂:创建一族产品</ul><hr><ol start=2><li>装饰器 vs 代理</ol><ul><li>装饰器:增强功能<li>代理:控制访问</ul><hr><ol 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